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SO: Spin-out; the company is formed by the initiative of the University based on University research and typically supported by the University in the first instance. SO/JV: Spin-out/Joint Venture; a joint venture between the University and another company to exploit technology created in each as a form of collaboration. LA: Licence Agreement; the technology originates in the University and its partners, is protected by Intellectual Property Rights which are licensed to a company for commercial exploitation. RP: Research Project; a research project carried out in the University demonstrating early commercial potential. SI: Spin-in; an entrepreneur-led company which comes close to the University eg, in University premises in order to enjoy the advantages of proximity such as access to researchers and facilities. CP: Corporate Partnership; a collaborative partnership in order to develop and exploit technology incorporating the outcomes of University research. SE: Social Enterprise; a social enterprise benefiting from and supported by University activities. Key 10 Influential factors INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDIES The history of each case study we have described here is unique but there are common factors which are characteristic of extremely innovative places such as Manchester and its city region. The stories told by each show how they have been influenced in different ways by these factors, and how relative importance varies from case to case. A colour-coded band at the conclusion of each case study gives a snapshot of how the influences have played out as the story developed. Colour coding ■ TALENT ■ CULTURE PLACE ■ HISTORY ■ SUPPORT ■ OPEN/INDUSTRY ORIENTATION ■ GLOBAL LINKS ■ RESEARCH

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